United States History Student Edition

The French and Indian War, 1754–1763 During the French and Indian War, the British and the French fought for control of the lands between their North American territories.

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Québec

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British territory French territory Disputed territory

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Fort Niagara

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British troop movements French troop movements

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Fort Duquesne

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GEOGRAPHY CONNECTION 1. Spatial Thinking Where are the cities of Quebec and Montreal located? 2. Exploring Regions Why do you think Quebec and Montreal were related to French dominance in the Ohio River Valley?

at Lake Ontario. Another British force finally took Fort Duquesne and renamed it Fort Pitt. Quebec, the capital of New France, sat on a cliff above the St. Lawrence River. Because of its position, Quebec was thought to be impossible to attack. In September 1759, British scouts spotted a poorly guarded path along the back of the cliff. At night, British soldiers overwhelmed the French guards and scrambled up the path. The British troops then surprised and defeated the French army on a field called the Plains of Abraham. The fall of Quebec and of Montreal the next year marked the defeat of France in North America. The War Ends The war finally ended with the Treaty of Paris of 1763. This treaty forced France to give Canada and most of its land claims east of the Mississippi River to Great Britain. Great Britain also received Florida from France’s ally, Spain. Spain acquired France’s claims to lands west of the Mississippi River—called Louisiana—as well as the port of New Orleans.

The Treaty of Paris marked the end of France as a power in North America. In its aftermath, two European powers—Great Britain and Spain— made claims to the continent’s lands. 7 CHECK FOR UNDERSTANDING 1. Explaining Causes What led to increased hostilities between the French and the British during the mid-1700s? 2. Analyzing After the French and Indian War ended, which European powers continued to claim lands in North America? New British Policies GUIDING QUESTION How did the American colonists react to new British policies? The French defeat was a blow to Native Americans in the Ohio River Valley, who, as a result of the war, had lost their French allies and trading partners and now had to deal with the British.

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