United States History Student Edition

10

Reviewing Political and Geographic Changes

Summary

NATIVE AMERICAN POLICIES • Worcester v. Georgia rules states have no right to confiscate Indian lands; Jackson refuses to follow Supreme Court decision • Indian Removal Act, 1830 • Indians removed to west of Mississippi River • Osceola leads Seminole resistance in Second Seminole War • Many Cherokee resist relocation; they are captured and forced to move on the Trail of Tears

JACKSONIAN DEMOCRACY • Jackson takes over Democratic-Republican Party, implements spoils system • Second Bank of the United States dismantled; leads to Panic of 1837 • Shift to nominating conventions, expanding voting rights • Jackson supports federal power over states’ rights in nullification crisis • Whigs unsuccessfully oppose Jackson

NEW STATES • Florida acquired from Spain 1821; statehood delayed until 1845 to maintain balance of slave and free states • Conflicts between Texans and Mexican government lead to Texas Revolution, 1836; annexation delayed until 1845 to prevent imbalance of slave and free states against Mexico, 1846; statehood achieved 1850 • Californians rebel

The Jackson Era and U.S. Expansion

WESTWARD MOVEMENT • Mountain men work as guides and explorers as fur trade declines • Oregon Trail used by tens of thousands of migrants • Santa Fe Trail used for trade • California Gold Rush leads to huge population growth • Mormons fleeing persecution migrate to Utah on Mormon Trail

FOREIGN RELATIONS AND TERRITORIAL CHANGES • Adams-Onís Treaty 1821 sets border between New Spain and Oregon Country and transfers Florida to United States • Webster-Ashburton Treaty 1842 settles northern border with British Canada • President Polk pursues Manifest Destiny • Texas annexation 1845 • Mexican-American War begins in 1848 after Polk orders Zachary Taylor into disputed territory • Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848 cedes Mexican lands to United States for cash payment

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