United States History Student Edition

11

Summary Reviewing Division and Civil War

Sectional Differences Grow • North: economy based on manufacturing and trade; South: economy based on plantation farming and slave labor Compromise of 1850 and Kansas-Nebraska Act—compromises that do not resolve the key issues • Abolitionist movement grows (Underground Railroad; refusal to cooperate in returning escapees) • Dred Scott decision undermines past compromises and makes continued compromise impossible • Growing political divide: Republicans in the North, Democrats in the South • Election of Lincoln as president in 1860 leads Southern states to secede • Intense debates regarding slavery in the territories lead to

The Civil War • War begins when

Effects of the War • Slavery abolished (Thirteenth Amendment) • Nearly 750,000 people killed • Southern farms, bridges, and railroads destroyed

Confederates attack Fort Sumter • Early battles prove the war will not end quickly: Bull Run, Monitor versus Virginia , Shiloh, Antietam • Emancipation Proclamation changes the nature of the war • Confederate defeat at Gettysburg changes the course of the war in the East

• Grant’s Vicksburg

campaign wins control of the Mississippi River

• Sherman’s march of destruction brings suffering to Georgia and the Carolinas • Beginning in 1864, Grant’s Virginia

campaign wears down and defeats Lee’s army

» A Civil War widow

» The attack on Fort Sumter

(c) Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division [LC-USZC4-1841]; (b)Niday Picture Library/Alamy Stock Photo

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