United States History Student Edition

true shapes and sizes. This projection is helpful for comparing land areas among continents. The Mercator projection shows true direction and land shapes fairly accurately. However, it does not show correct size or distance, and it distorts areas located far from the Equator. Alaska, for example, appears much larger on a Mercator map than it does on a globe. A map using the Robinson projection is less distorted. Land on the western and eastern sides of the Robinson map appears much as it does on a globe. However, areas near the North and South Poles are distorted. 7 CHECK FOR UNDERSTANDING 1. Summarizing How do latitude and longitude help identify your location on Earth? 2. Explaining Why do map projections distort the way Earth’s surface looks? Types of Maps GUIDING QUESTION What are some of the important ways in which maps are used? Geographers use many different types of maps. Maps that show a wide range of information are called general-purpose maps. Two of the most common general-purpose maps are physical and political maps. Physical maps show land and water features. The colors used on physical maps include brown or green for land and blue for water. Physical maps may also use colors to show elevation, or the height of an area above sea level. A map key explains the meaning of each color. Political maps show the names and boundaries of countries. They also show the locations of cities

Battles in Florida This map shows the battles that occurred in Florida during the Civil War.

85°W

80°W

ATLANTIC OCEAN

Santa Rosa Island Oct. 9, 1861

Natural Bridge March 6, 1865

St. John’s Blu Oct. 1–3, 1862

30°N

Olustee Feb. 20, 1864

N

W

E

S

Fort Brooke Oct. 16–18, 1863 Tampa June 30– July 1, 1862

Gulf of Mexico

0 100 kilometers 100 miles 0 Albers Equal-Area Conic projection

Union advance Union retreat Confederate advance Union victory Confederate victory Inconclusive battle

25°N

created different types of map projections (pruh•JEK•shuhnz), or ways of showing Earth on a flat map. Each kind of projection shows Earth’s surface in a slightly different way. When you take an image of Earth and flatten it, big gaps appear. To fill in the gaps, mapmakers stretch parts of Earth. They show either the correct shapes of places or their correct sizes. It is impossible to show both. As a result, mapmakers use different map projections GEOGRAPHY CONNECTION Analyzing Maps What information does the key to this map provide?

and other human-made features. Special-Purpose Maps

depending on their goals. Map Projections

Some maps show specific kinds of information. These are called special-purpose maps. They usually show themes or patterns, such as climate, trade routes, natural resources, or population. A road map is also a special-purpose map. Special-purpose maps may also display historical information, such as battles or territorial changes.

Think about a flattened orange peel. You might see something that looks like a map based on Goode’s Interrupted Equal-Area projection. A map made using this projection shows continents close to their

projection a way of showing the round Earth on a flat map

Historian’s Toolkit HT31