United States History Student Edition

The War in the East GUIDING QUESTION What was the course of the war in the East in 1862? While the two sides fought for control of

General John Pope at the Second Battle of Bull Run. Southern victories in the East were largely the result of the leadership of Robert E. Lee and Stonewall Jackson. The two generals knew the terrain and could move forces quickly. They were also experts at inspiring troops. As a result, Confederate forces managed to defeat much larger Union forces. The Battle of Antietam Confederate president Jefferson Davis urged Lee to move his troops into western Maryland—Union territory. His goal was to take the war into the Northern states. With a victory there, European powers might be convinced to aid the Confederacy in the war. Although he knew McClellan was following him with a sizable force, Lee led his army into Maryland and began the invasion of Union territory.

Tennessee and the Mississippi River, the Union was trying to capture the Confederate capital at Richmond, Virginia. Close to the Union, Richmond was vulnerable to attack. Confederate armies fought hard to defend it. Confederate forces in the East enjoyed much more success than their western counterparts. Southern Victories In 1862, Confederate forces won impressive victories in Virginia, turning back General George B. McClellan at the Seven Days’ Battles and

War in the East Like the war in the West, the war in the East took place mostly in Confederate states. Several Confederate attempts at invading the North met with failure.

82°W

80°W

78°W

76°W

74°W

Pennsylvania

Wrightsville

40°N

S u

0 0

50 miles

Chambersburg

s

q u e h

Gettysburg

R .

50 kilometers

New Jersey

a n

Albers Equal-Area projection

n a

Maryland Westminster

Antietam

Frederick

Baltimore

P

o

t

o

m

a

R

c

.

Washington, D.C.

Delaware

h R .

N

o a

West Virginia (Joined Union 1863)

n d

Manassas Junction

Bull Run (Second Battle)

E

n a

W

e

h

S

S

Chancellorsville

Fredericksburg

C h

R a

e

38°N

p

s

p a h a n n o c

a

Virginia

p

e a

Union advance Union retreat

k

k e B a y

Seven Days

R .

Richmond

Y

ATLANTIC OCEAN

o r

k

Confederate advance Confederate retreat Union victory Confederate victory Inconclusive battle

R .

Yorktown

J a

m e s

Chickahominy R.

R .

Ft. Monroe

Monitor vs. Virginia

Norfolk

GEOGRAPHY CONNECTION 1. Spatial Thinking Which battle took place closest to the Union capital at Washington, D.C.? 2. Human-Environment Interaction Based on the map, did either side achieve success when invading enemy territory? Explain.

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