United States History Student Edition

New Jersey colony • plantation owner

New Jersey colony , m82 , 108, m109 ; establishment of, 82–83, 108; proprietary colony, 82–83; as royal colony, 83 New Jersey Plan , 186–87 NewMexico : American traders in, 331; European claims (1656), m66 ; Mexican-American War, 333–34, m333 New Netherlands , 54, 81–82, ptg81 New Orleans , Louisiana, ptg33 , ptg262 ; Civil War, 435, m435 ; establishment of, 54; Southern cites, 385 “New South” , 488–89 New Spain colonies , 47–48, 67, 168 “New Touch on the Times, A” (Molly Gutridge) , q158 New York City : growth of, 280; Patriots’ siege of, 153; ratifying Constitution, 194; as U.S. Capital, c171 New York colony , 82, m82 , 108, m109 New York Evening Post (Alexander Hamilton) , q261 New York state : constitutions of, 171; enslaved people in, 184; ratifying Constitution, 194 Nez Perce people, 18 Nicodemus, Kansas, p491 Njinga, queen of Ndongo , 43 nomadic people , 519; early Native Americans, 10; Great Plains people, 18–19; Shoshone people, 18; Ute people, 18 nominating conventions , 307 nonrenewable resources, HT29 normal school , 394 North American land claims (1828) , m303 North America physical map , RA7 North America political map , RA6 North Carolina : ratifying Constitution, 194; Roanoke Island, 64, ptg64 , 69; secession of, 429, m430 North Carolina colony , c68 , m86 Northeastern region : geography of, 5; Native American peoples in, m5, 19–20 Northern Confederacy , 256–58 Northern Democrats , 427, m428 Northern Hemisphere , HT29–30 Northern region : geography of, 4; Native American peoples in, m5 , 17–18 Northern states : African Americans in, 368–69; industrialization of, 361–66, 367–68; sectionalism, 284; slavery, 188, 412; Southern

women’s role in, 369. See also Union. North Star (Frederick Douglass) , 418 Northup, George Tyler , 56 Northwestern Coastal region : geography of, 4; Native American peoples in, m5 , 18 Northwest Ordinance , c170 , 175, q179 , 180 Northwest Passage , 51–52, 255–56 Northwest Territory , HT27; establishment of, 175, q179 ; fighting in, 245; Illinois, m174 ; Indiana, m174 ; Marietta, Northwest Territory, ptg181; Michigan, m174; Native Americans in, 245; Ohio, m174; population statistics (1800- 1850), c182 ; seal of, 180, ptg180 ; slavery prohibited in, 175; survey of, 178; townships, m174 ; Wisconsin, m174 Nova Scotia , 52, 112 Nullification Act , 308 nullification crisis , c304 , 307 O Obama, Michelle , pHT3 , qHT3 Oberlin College , c360 , 394, p394 “Objections to This Constitution of Government,” 193 Observations on the New Constitution (Mercy Otis Warren) , q198 “O Captain! My Captain!” (Walt Whitman) , q474 O’Connor, Sandra Day , 208, p208 Oglethorpe, James , c68 , 88 Ohio: Northwest Territory , m174 ; statehood for, 280, 302 Ohio River Valley : French and Indian War, 111–12, m113 , 168; Pitt, William, 112–13; Treaty of Paris impacting, 113–14 Oklahoma Territory , m316 Olive Branch Petition , 130 Olmec people , 11–12, p11 , m13 Olustee, Battle of, 461 Oneida people , m5 , 19, 112 Onondaga people , m5 , 19, 112 Ooloocha , q321 opportunity costs , HT24 Ordinance of 1785 , 174, m174 , 177, q178 Oregon Country , p323 , m326 ; Adams-Onís Treaty, 323–24; Astor, John Jacob, 324; “Fifty- Four Forty or Fight,” 326;

Manifest Destiny, 325–26; mountain men, 324, ptg324 ; Whitman Mission, 324, ptg325 , 339, q339 Oregon Trail , ptg 301, c304 , m326 ; mountain men establishing, 324; prairie schooners, 325 origin stories , 7, 29 Osceola , 314, 315, ptg315 Osprey and Weakfish (John James Audubon) , ptg400 O’Sullivan, John , 326–27, 338 Otis, James, 116 Ottawa (Odawa) people , 114, ptg114 , 245 overseer , 382 “The Oxbow” (Thomas Cole) , ptg401 P Pacific Northwest : geography of, 4; Native American peoples in, m5 , 17–18 Pacific Ocean , m15 , 46; discovery of, 46; Northwest Passage, 51–52 pacifists , 83 paleontology , HT7 Panama , 46; independence of, 287

patroons , 81 Peace Democrats , 448 Peale, Rembrandt , 289 Pearl Harbor , pHT11

Pecos-Rio Grande river system , 4 Penn, William , 83–84, ptg83 , q84 , 108 Pennsylvania , 172, 184 Pennsylvania colony , m82 , ptg84 , 108, m109 ; Charter of Privileges, 84; economy, q98 ; establishment of, 83–84, ptg83 , 108; Germantown, 83; Mason- Dixon Line, 86; Philadelphia, 82–83, ptg83 , 90; treatment of Native Americans, 83–84 Percy, George (memoir of) , q76 Perkins Institute , 395 permafrost , 4 Perry, Oliver Hazar , ptg267 , 268 Persian Gulf War , g411 Personal Memoirs of Juan Seguín, From the Year 1834 to the Retreat of General Woll from the City of San Antonio , q338 Convention, c170 , 185, 239; establishment of, 83–84; First Continental Congress, 127, 169; Independence Hall, ptg188 ; Philadelphia, 83–84, 127, c170 , c171 , 185, ptg188 ; as U.S. Capital, c171 Peru , 47 Petersburg , 460 Philadelphia : Constitutional Philip II, king of Spain , 51 physical maps , HT31 physical systems , cHT28 Pickens, Francis , 429 Pickett, George , 459 Pickett’s Charge , 459 Pinckney, Thomas , 246, 248 Pike, Zebulon , 256, m257 Pikes Peak , 256, c506 , 507 Pilgrims , 71–72, q72 , ptg108 , 109, 168 Pinckney’s Treaty , 246 pioneers , 253 Pioneers, The (James Fenimore Cooper) , 293 Pisa, Italy , 37 Pitt, William , 112–13 Pittsburgh, PA : growth of, 280 Pizarro, Francisco , 47, 67 place, geographical , HT28 places and regions , cHT28 Piedmont region , 4 Pierce, Franklin , 423

Panic of 1837 , 309 Panic of 1873 , 487 paper currency , during

Revolutionary War, 147, p147

Particular Geographical

Description of the Lately Discovered Province of Pennsylvania, A (Francis Daniel Pastorius) , q98

patents and patent laws , 278 Paterson, William , 186–87, c186 , ptg186 Patriot militia . See Continental Army. Patriots , advantages of, 140; beliefs of, 129; Bonhomme Richard, 150; Charles Town (Charleston), 150, m151 ; Cornwallis, Charles, 150–51, m151 ; disadvantages of, 139–40; facing defeat, 142–43; fighting in the West, 149–50, m151 ; France aiding, 144, 152; Greene, Nathanael, 151; hit-and- run technique, 151; Kaskaskia captured by, 149, 151, m151 ; local militia, 141; Marion, Francis

(Swamp Fox), 151; Native Americans and, 149–50; privateers, 150; at sea, 150; Vincennes, 150, 151, m151 ; wilderness fighting, 154. See also Continental Army.

plagiarism , HT16, pHT16 Plains of Abraham , 113 plantation life , 356, p356 plantation owner , 381–82

states regional differences, 412–13; tariff debate, 307;

A66