United States History Student Edition

Index Italicized page numbers refer to illustrations. The following abbreviations are used in the index: m = map; c = chart; p = photograph or picture; g = graph; ptg = painting; crt = cartoon; q = quote.

A abolitionism: 416-420, 476; African 416–19; in American colonies, 92; Anti-Slavery Society, ptg415 ; Douglass, Frederick, 417–18, 437, 476; early antislavery societies, 415; Garrison, William Lloyd, c414 , 416–17, p416 , 420, 476; Greeley, Horace, 437; Lovejoy, Elijah, c414 , 420, ptg420 ; Quakers, 92, 358; reaction to, 419–20; Second Great Awakening, 415; Stewart, Maria, 418; Truth, Sojourner, 397, q418 , 418–19, 476; Tubman, Harriet, 385, ptg385 , 447; Underground Railroad, 385, p394 , 419 Abraham Lincoln: His Speeches and Writing, q430 absolute location , HT28 Acoma people , 18 Act of Toleration (1649) , 86 Adams, Abigail , q147 Adams, John : Alien and Sedition Acts, 249–50, c249 ; ambassador to Great Britain, 176, ptg176 ; Constitutional Convention, 239; Declaration of Independence committee, 131, American, 417–19; aiding enslaved people, ptg410 , 169; election of 1800, m250 , 251; Federalists, 248; First Continental Congress, 127; Independence Day, 132; as president, 249–50; presidential power, 242; Second Continental Congress, 130; Treaty of Paris, 153, ptg153 ; as vice president, 241; XYZ affair, 249 Adams, John Quincy : abolition, 417; Adams-Onís Treaty, 323; Manifest Destiny, q325; presidency of, 305, ptg305 ; Secretary of State, 286 Adams, Samuel : Boston committee of correspondence, 119; Boston Massacre, protesting, 118; First Continental Congress, 127; protesting Sugar Act, 117, ptg117 ; Second Continental Congress, 130; Sons of Liberty, 116 Adams Family Papers , q147 Adams-Onís Treaty , 323–24, 327–28

“ Address to the Ladies,” Boston Post-Boy & Advertiser , q122 Adichie, Chimamanda Ngozi , pHT2 , qHT2 adobe homes , 2, p2 , 18 Africa : Benin, 43; Columbian Exchange, 52–53; Congo kingdom, 43; early explorations of, 34–35; European exploration of, 41, m42; Ghana Empire, 42; kidnapped people from, 358, ptg358; Mali empire, 42; Mansa Musa, 43; Muhammad, Askiya, 43; Ndongo kingdom, 43; Njinga, queen of Ndongo, 43; Portugal exploring, 40; Sahara trade routes, 42–44; Timbuktu, 43, p43 ; trade and trade routes, 37–38, m38 , 42–44, m44 ; West African slave trade, 41; in Western African Empires, 42–44, m44 African Americans : abolitionists, 417–19; African Methodist Episcopal Church, 369; Allen, Macon B., 369; Allen, Richard, 369; Attucks, Crispus, 118, ptg118 ; banjo, 288; Banneker, Benjamin, 237; black codes, 481; Brown, John, c414 ; Buffalo Soldiers, 490, citizenship, 482; Civil Rights Acts, 482; during Civil War, 432, 456, 458, ptg458 ; Cornish, Samuel, p368, 369; Cuffe, Paul, 416; culture of, 383–84, 476; Douglass, Frederick, 385, 417–18, ptg473 , 476; Dred Scott v. Sandford , 204, 424–25, p425 , 476; in early colonies, 65, ptg65 , 67; Equal Rights Leagues, 480; Equiano, Olaudah, ptg65 ; Exodusters, ptg487 , 489–90, p491 , 495; family life, 383, 476; Fifteenth Amendment, 205, 489; 54th Massachusetts, 458; at Fort Mose, 327; Fourteenth Amendment, 204, 482–83; Freedom’s Journal (John B. Russwurn and Samuel Cornish), 368, 369; Freedmen’s Bureau, 480, 482; in government during Reconstruction, 485; Haynes, Lemuel, 148; Henson, Josiah,

Jim Crow laws, 489; Johnson opposing equal rights for, 481; Jones, Absalom, 369; King, Boston, q156 , 160; Ku Klux Klan attacking, crt475 , 486, 492; leaving the South, ptg487 ; Liberia, 416; manumission, 184; in Northern states, 368–69; Oberlin College, c360 , 394; Plessy v. Ferguson , 489, 490; politicians, ptg473 , 475, ptg475 ; poll tax, 489; post-Civil War, 493; post-Revolutionary War, 184; in Revolutionary War, 140, 142–43, 148; Revolutionary War perspective, 156, 160; Russwurm, John B., ptg368, 369; Saint Domingue revolt, 154; Salem, Peter, 142–43; segregation, 369, c478 , 489; in Senate, during Reconstruction, 486; settlement of freedmen, p480 ; sharecropping, 487; slavery in New Spain, 48; slavery in Virginia colony, 85; slave trade, 43–44; South Carolina’s legislature, ptg485 ; Stewart, Maria, 418; Taylor, Susie King, 446; Thirteenth Amendment, c478 , 481; Truth, Sojourner, 397, 418–19, 476; Tubman, Harriet, 385; Union soldiers, g444 ; violence against, post-Civil War, 482, ptg482 , 486; voting rights, pHT5 , 172, 483; Wheatley, Phillis, 160, ptg160 ; York, 256. See also enslaved people, African; racial discrimination and racism. African Methodist Episcopal (AME) Church , 369, 486 agriculture : advances in, 365–66; changes in (1800s), 279; Deep South,379; mechanical reaper, 365–66, ptg366 ; in Middle colonies, 90, q99 , 109; in Southern states, 377–79; steel- tipped plow, c360 , 365; subsistence farming, 89; thresher, 365; in Upper South, 379. farming. “Ain’t I A Woman?” (Sojourner Truth), 418–19 Alabama, secession of, 428, m430 Alamo , p329 , 330, ptg330 Alaska : Native American peoples in, 17–18 Albany , New York, 52 Albany Plan of Union, 112

Aleutian Islands, 17 Aleut people, 17 Alexander VI, Pope, 45

Algonquian people, 19, 70, 71, 77 Alien and Sedition Acts, 249–50, c249 aliens , 249

Allen, Macon B., 369 Allen, Richard, 369 amendment process for

Constitution, 205–6, c205 amendments, 194 American Anti-Slavery Society, 417, crt440 American colonies: Boston Massacre, c110 , 118, ptg118 , 168–69; Boston Tea Party, 119–20, 125, ptg125 , 169; Britain enforcing trade laws, 116; Carolina Colony, c68 , 108, m109 ; Coercive Acts, 120, ptg120 , 127; Connecticut colony, 108, m109 ; Daughters of Liberty, 117; Declaration of Independence, cHT4 , c110 ; Declaratory Act, 117; Delaware colony, 84, 108, m109 ; Dutch, 53–54; economy of, 89–92, 97, 109; education in, 93; First Continental Congress, c110, 127, 169; freedoms of, 168; French, 53–54, 67; Georgia colony, 108, m109 ; government of, 92–93; “Grand Council,” 112; homes of, 93, ptg94 ; infant mortality, 80; Intolerable Acts, 120, ptg120 , 169; Jamestown Colony, cHT4 , c68 , 70, ptg70 , 108, m109 , 168; Maryland colony, 108, m109 ; Massachusetts Bay colony, 108, m109 ; mercantilism, 49; Middle Amsterdam surrenders, c68 ; New England colonies, 108, m109 ; New Hampshire colony, 108, m109 ; New Jersey colony, 82–83, 108, m109 ; New Spain, 47–48, 67; New York colony, 82, 108, m109 ; of North Carolina, c68 , 108; Pennsylvania colony, 83–84, 108, m109 ; Plymouth colony, c68 , 108, m109 ; Pontiac’s War, 114, ptg114 ; population growth of, g65 ; Proclamation of 1763, 114, 115, m115 ; colonies, 108, m109 ; of Netherlands, 67; New

q356 ; higher education for, 486–87; holding enslaved people, 382; Howard University, 486–87; indigo growing, 87;

Index A55