United States History Student Edition

citizenship • constitutional republic

435, m435 ; Pickett, George, 459; prisoner-of-war camps, 449–50, ptg449 ; resources in, g431 ; Richmond, 430, m430 , 436, m436 , 446, 449, 461–62, p463 ; in ruins, 475, p475, p479 ; Seven Days’ Battles, 436; Tompkins, Sally, 446; Velázquez, Loreta Janeta, 447; Vicksburg, Mississippi, 460; Virginia, 434, ptg434 ; war in the East, 436–37, m436 ; war strategy, 431; widows, ptg445 . See also Southern states. Shiloh, 434–35, m435 ; soldiers of, 432, p432 ; Confucius, ptgHT2 , qHT2 Congress: checks and balances, 203, c203 ; House of Representatives, 207–8; original limited powers of, 172; role of, 208; Senate, 207–8, p207 ; separation of powers, 203 congressional committees , 173 Congressional Medal of Honor, Walker, Mary Edwards, 446 Connecticut: enslaved people in, 184; Sherman, Roger, 187, ptg187 ; state constitutions, 172 Connecticut colony, m74 , 108, m109 ; establishment of, 73, 108; Fundamental Orders of Connecticut, 73, 168; Hartford, 73 conquistadors, 46–47 constitution, 19 Constitutional Amendments: Fifteenth Amendment, 205; Fifth Amendment, 209; First Amendment, 209; Fourteenth Amendment, 204, 209; Nineteenth Amendment, 206, p206 ; process of, 205–6, c205 ; ratification of, 205; Thirteenth Amendment, 461; Twelfth Amendment, 228, 251; Twenty- Sixth Amendment, 206 Constitutional Convention, c170 ; Adams, John, 239; Articles of Confederation reform, 184–85; Bill of Rights, 188; debate, 192–93; Franklin, Benjamin, 185, q193 ; George Washington leading, 185, ptg185 , 239; Great Compromise, 187–88; Independence Hall, p195 ; Madison, James, 239; New Jersey Plan, 186–87, c186 , 239; Philadelphia, 185; ratifying Constitution, 194; Three-Fifths Compromise, 187–88; Virginia Plan, 186–87, c186 , 239; Washington, George, 239 constitutional republic, HT25 , 202

citizenship: due process, 209; duties and responsibilities of, 209–10; equal protection, 209; naturalization, 209, p209 ; rights, roles, and responsibilities of, HT25–HT26 , 209–10 Puebloans, c27 ; Aztec people, 12–13, m13 , c27 ; Hohokam people, 16, c27 ; Incan people, 12–13, c27 ; Mayan people, 12, p12 , m13 , c27 ; Mound Builders, 14, p14 , m15 , c27 ; Olmec people, 11, p11 , m13 , c27 Civil Rights Acts, 481–82 Civil War: advantages, North versus South, 430–31; African Americans in, 432, g444 , 456, 458, ptg458 ; Anaconda Plan, 431; Appomattox Court House, c414 , 462; artillery, 437; Atlanta, 461; Baltimore, William, q456 ; Barton, Clara, p411 , q411 , 446; Battle at Wilmington, NC, ptg409 ; battlefield nurses, 446, p446 ; Battle of Antietam, 436–37; Battle of Bull Run, First, 433–34, ptg433 ; Battle of Bull Run, Second, 436; Battle of Chancellorsville, 457; Battle of Cold Harbor, 460, p461 ; Battle of Gettysburg, 459, m459 ; Battle of Natural Bridge, 461; Battle of Olustee, 461; Battle of Spotsylvania Court House, 460; Battle of the Wilderness, 460; beginning of, cHT4 , 429–31; Bleeding Kansas, 423; border states, 430; Boyd, Belle, 447; Burnside, Ambrose, 457–458; Chesnut, Mary Boykin, 454; civilian life during, 451–56; Corinth, Mississippi, 435, m435 ; costs of, 462; Dix, Dorothea, 446; draft riots, 448, ptg448 ; economy during, 448–49; Emancipation Proclamation, 437–39, ptg438 , q442 , p442 , ptg443 , 474, 477; farm life during, 452; 54th Massachusetts, 458; Fort Sumter, 429, m430 , ptg469 ; Fredericksburg, m436 , 457–458, ptg457 ; Gettysburg Address, 460; Grant, Ulysses S., 434, 460–62, p461 , ptg462 ; Greenhow, Rose O’Neal, 447; habeas corpus, 447–48; Hood, John, 461; Hooker, Joseph, 457, 458; Jackson, Thomas “Stonewall,” 433, 436, 457; Keckley, Elizabeth Hobbs, 455; Lee, Robert E., c414 , 436–37, 457, 459–60, m459 , 462, ptg462 ; March to the Sea, civics , HT25–HT26 civilizations, ancient: Ancient

461–62; McClellan, George B., 434, 436–37, p439 , 458; Meade, George, 458, m459 ; military deaths in, g411 ; Mississippi River, 430, 431, 434, 435, 436, 460; New Orleans, Louisiana, 435, m435 ; North’s advantages, 430–31; Petersburg, 461; Pickett, George, 459; refugees, 446; resources, North versus South, g431 ; Richmond, 430, m430 , 436, m436 , 446, 449, 461–62, p463 ; secession of Southern states, 427–29, m430 ; Seven Days’ Battles, 436; Sherman, William Tecumseh, 460–62; Shiloh, 434–35, m435 ; soldiers in, 432, p432 ; South in ruins after, 475, p475 , p479 ; South’s advantages, 431; states’ rights, 428–29; technology during, 437; Tompkins, Sally, 446; Tubman, Harriet, 447; Velázquez, Loreta Janeta, 447; Vicksburg, Mississippi, 460; Walker, Mary Edwards, 446; war in the East, 436–37, m436 ; widows, ptg445 ; women’s role in, 445–47; wounded, care of, 450, p450 clans, in Iroquois League, 19 Clark, George Rogers, 149–50, ptg149 , 151, m151 Clark, William, p255 , 256, m257 classical works, 38 Clay, Henry: American System, 283; Compromise of 1850, 422–23, m422 , ptg476 ; “Great Compromiser, The,” ptg285 ; Missouri Compromise, 286; nationalism of, 267; Oregon Country, 326; presidential candidate, 305, 310; Second Bank of the United States, 308; sectionalism, 284; Treaty of New Echota, 313 Clermont, 281, 362 cliff dwellings, p16 Clinton, Dewitt, 281 Clinton, Henry, 150, m151 , 152 clipper ships, ptg300 , 362, ptg362 coeducation, 396 Coercive Acts, 120, ptg120 , 127 Cole, Thomas, 399, ptg401 Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln, q465 colonies. See American colonies; Middle colonies; New England colonies; Southern colonies; specific colonies. Colorado-Gila river system, 4 Clayton, Augustin, 380 Clayton, Francis, p447

Colorado Plateau, 4 Colombia: independence of, 287; Columbian Exchange: Africa, 52–53; Asia, 52–53; disease transferring, 53; Europe, 52–53; food sources, 52–53, m58 ; impact of, 67; trade, 52–53, m52 , m58 Columbus, Christopher, cHT4 , HT18 , 32, p32 , c36 , 44–45, m46 , 67 Comanche people, 24 commodities, 117 Common Sense (Paine, Thomas), 131, p131, q131 communications: Morse code, 357, communities, 369 comparing and contrasting, HT21 compass, magnetic, 39 compass rose, mHT31 , HT32 Compromise of 1850, 422–23, m422 , 476, ptg476 Concise Guide to the Records of the State Ratifying Conventions as a Source of the Original Meaning of the U.S. Constitution, A, q200 conclusions, HT12 , HT22 concurrent powers, 202 Confederate States of America: advantages of, 431; African Americans in, 432, g444 ; battlefield nurses, 446–47; Battle of Antietam, 436–37, m436 ; Battle of Bull Run, First, 433–34, ptg433 ; Battle of Bull Run, Second, 436, m436 ; Battle of Chancellorsville, 457; Battle of Cold Harbor, 460, p461 ; Battle of Gettysburg, 459, m459 ; Battle of Spotsylvania Court House, 460; Battle of the Wilderness, 460; Beauregard, P. G. T., 433; Chesnut, Mary Boykin, 454; Corinth, Mississippi, 435, m435 ; Davis, Jefferson, 428–29, 436, 448, 462; economy of, 448–49; farm life during, 452; formation of, 427–29, 477; Fredericksburg, 457; goals of, 431; Greenhow, Rose O’Neal, 447; habeas corpus, 447–48; hardships in, 445–46; Hood, John, 461; Ironclads, 434, ptg434 ; Jackson, Natural Bridge, Battle of, 461 Thomas “Stonewall,” 433, 436, 457; Lee, Robert E., c414 , 436– 37, 457, 459–60, m459 , 462, ptg462 ; Merrimack , 434, ptg434 ; New Orleans, Louisiana, p357, 364–65, telegraph machine, 357, p357 , c360 , 364–65

A58